Key Takeaways:

According to the data from River Financial, Bitcoin adoption as of 2025 is only 4% of the world population. While it was previously individual investors who fueled the rise of Bitcoin, today it is institutional investors whose capital flows into Bitcoin through ETF investments. Lack of education and the fear of volatility continue to be major barriers to mainstream adoption.

New York – The global adoption of Bitcoin is still shockingly low, with only 4% of the world population holding Bitcoin as of 2025, according to a new research report by River Financial, a top Bitcoin financial services company. While institutional interest is increasing and regulatory efforts have largely been seen in a positive light by Bitcoin advocates, the report notes that Bitcoin still has a long way to go before it is accepted by the mainstream.

World Adoption Map: North America Straight Ahead, Africa Far Behind

Regional disparities in Bitcoin adoption The River report highlights. North America has the highest estimated adoption at 10.7%, owing to high levels of financial literacy, advanced technical infrastructure, and relatively favourable regulatory environments. Europe comes next with 3.4% of all adoptions coming from the region, while South America has 6.6%. The continent is unfortunately pulling the global average down, with only 1.6% of its population using Bitcoin, with challenges such as low levels of financial education, limited access to technology and, in many cases, restrictive regulatory policies.

“While Bitcoin has made significant strides in certain regions, its adoption worldwide is still at a nascent stage,” said Sam Baker, lead author of the River Financial report. “Our data shows that we’re only at about 3% of Bitcoin’s maximum adoption potential, highlighting the considerable opportunity for growth.”

The Bitcoin Landscape 2025: Key Findings

The River report describes the current Bitcoin ecosystem in detail, covering numerous trends:

Ongoing Protocol Development: Since Bitcoin relies on an open-source codebase, it can undergo continuous development; in 2024, alone, there have been over 2,500 code commits. And a dedicated community of developers work to expand its functionality and secure it. Decentralizing Hashrate: Bitcoin’s mining hashrate is more and more decentralized, reducing the potential for a 51% attack. Today, the United States dominates — making up around 36% — but a few others have their share, too, notably Russia (16%) and China (14%). Declining Supply Growth: Bitcoin’s supply growth is slowing, now increasing at a lower rate than traditional assets like the US dollar and gold. This limited supply makes Bitcoin even more appealing in terms of storing value.

Institutional Power Play: Spot Bitcoin ETFs in the US have reached a whopping $100 billion AUM and institutional investors are becoming serious movers behind Bitcoin’s price. Bitcoin is on its way into hedge funds, showing broader institutional acceptance of the asset.

Who’s Holding the Keys — Bitcoin Ownership

The report highlights the distribution of Bitcoin ownership, revealing the major players:

Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin Fortune: Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, is estimated to be the holder of 968,452 BTC worth of around $94 billion as of December 2024. These coins are still dormant, which only adds to the mystique surrounding the creativity of Bitcoin. MicroStrategy: Michael Saylor has made a remarkable bet with Microstrategy by stacking BTC as a corporate treasury asset on the balance sheet with 499,096 BTC. Such an aggressive strategy has positioned MicroStrategy as a leader in the Bitcoin space.

State Accumulation: If you thought corporations were the only ones stacking Bitcoin, wait till you see what governments have in store when they start confiscating Bitcoins á la El Salvador or acquiring them through other methods.

Barriers to Mass Adoption: Education and Volatility

The report pinpointed three major obstacles that remain a barrier to Bitcoin’s wider uptake:

Education Gap: A high knowledge hurdle exists for potential users, owing to the technicalities and rarity par excellence of Bitcoin. This trend is also due to a general lack of understanding which fuels skepticism and ultimately stops wider adoption. Volatility Concerns: The infamous volatility of Bitcoin and the reality, especially in developing wallets or economically overwhelmed countries, is that stablecoins may be a more stable option. Limited Scalability: The Bitcoin network does not support scalability; it also has transaction charges. They can hinder its use for everyday transactions, especially when compared to traditional payment systems.

More News: Coinbase CEO Predicts 10% of Global GDP to Be in the Crypto Industry by 2030

The Lightning Network: A Slow-Motion Scaling Solution

According to the report, The Lightning Network is being continuously developed, but its growth is quite slow. The Lightning Network is designed to speed up transaction processing.

The Way Forward: Publishing Growth Catalysts

Despite these challenges, the River Financial report identifies a few key catalysts that could drive Bitcoin adoption in the years to come:

Greater Educational Efforts: It is of utmost importance to increase education efforts around Bitcoin to break down the barrier of knowledge and financial literacy. Continued Institutional Acceptance: The ongoing torrent of institutional capital into Bitcoin ETFs is said to have built more legitimacy around the asset class, thereby attracting even more capital. Increased Corporate Treasury Adoption: The trend of companies adding Bitcoin to their treasury reserves, as seen with MicroStrategy, is likely to continue and gain more momentum, solidifying Bitcoin’s place in the financial ecosystem. Regulatory Clarity: As regulators began to create more clear and favorable regulatory frameworks for Bitcoin across the globe, like the Bitcoin spot ETF, investor confidence, and adoption is likely to follow suit.

Geopolitical Factors: Economic uncertainty across the globe along with fears about how stable conventional currencies are may fuel interest in Bitcoin as a safe-haven asset.

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